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Plumbridge J, Kolb A. Stewart V. Nitrate regulation of anaerobic respiratory gene expression in Escherichia coli. All of the DNA found in an organism is collectively referred to as the genome.
The human genome is comprised of 23 pairs of linear chromosomes, and approximately megabases Mb of DNA, while the genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli consists of a single 4. By studying the genomes of bacteria we are able to better understand their metabolic capabilities, their ability to cause disease and also their capacity to survive in extreme environments.
Many of the well-studied bacterial model organisms, such as E. However, advances in molecular genetics have shown that bacteria possess more complex arrangements of their genetic material than just a single circular chromosome per cell. The following are a few examples of bacteria with unusual genomes. Deinococcus radiodurans was first discovered in by Arthur W. While inspecting spoiled meat, he noticed reddish colonies forming despite the fact that the meat had been sterilized with megarads of radiation!
This radiation resistant organism was given the name Deinococcus radiodurans - which literally means "strange berry that withstands radiation. That is 3, times greater than the amount of radiation exposure that would kill a human. Ionizing radiation makes double-strand breaks in the DNA.
Somehow, D. The genome of D. In addition, when D. While the mechanisms by which D. Azotobacter vinelandii is a large, soil-dwelling, obligate aerobic bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen.
For this reason, plasmids can copy themselves independently of the bacterial chromosome, so there can be many copies of a plasmid — even hundreds — within one bacterial cell. Plasmids contain just a few genes, but they make a big difference to their host bacterium. Other plasmids contain genes that help the host to digest unusual substances or to kill other types of bacteria.
However, by protecting its bacterial host from stress-related death, a plasmid maximises its chances of being kept around.
Under stressful conditions, bacteria with the plasmid will live longer — and have more opportunity to pass on the plasmid to daughter cells or to other bacteria. Bacteria without the plasmid are less likely to survive and reproduce. Some plasmids take extreme measures to ensure that they are retained within bacteria.
For example, some carry a gene that makes a long-lived poison and a second gene that makes a short-lived antidote. Plasmids have been key to the development of molecular biotechnology.
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