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Use this tool to compare the groups on some key topics and their demographics. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work.
President Michael Dimock explains why. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.
It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Newsletters Donate My Account. Research Topics. The first section examines the number of migrants to Europe between mid and mid, including patterns by religion and refugee status. The next section details the top origin and destination countries for recent migrants to Europe, including in each case the estimated percentage of Muslims.
One sidebar looks at European public opinion toward the surge in refugees from countries like Iraq and Syria; another summarizes trends in government policies toward refugees and migration in individual countries and the EU as a whole. The following section examines more deeply the three projection scenarios on a country-by-country basis. Finally, the last two sections reveal data on two other key demographic factors that affect population growth: fertility and age structure.
This report was produced by Pew Research Center as part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. Overall, regardless of religion or immigration status, there were an estimated 7 million migrants to Europe between mid and mid not including 1. Historically, a relatively small share of migrants to Europe are refugees from violence or persecution in their home countries.
But the number of refugees has surged since During the three-and-a-half-year period from mid to the end of , about , refugees an average of , per year arrived in Europe. Between the beginning of and mid — a stretch of only two and a half years — roughly three times as many refugees 1. These figures do not include an additional , Muslim asylum seekers and , non-Muslim asylum seekers who arrived between mid and mid but are not projected to receive legal status in Europe.
Of these roughly 1. In fact, about two-thirds of all Muslims who arrived in Europe between mid and mid were regular migrants and not refugees. In total number, roughly 3.
Non-Muslim migrants to Europe overall between mid and mid were mostly made up of Christians an estimated 1. Considering the total influx of refugees and regular migrants together, more migrants to Europe between mid and mid came from Syria than any other country. In some other cases, data are available for migrants from a particular country to a destination country; for example, there is a higher share of Christians among Egyptian migrants to Austria than there is among those living in Egypt.
When available, this type of data is used to estimate the religious composition of new migrants. For more details, see the Methodology. After Syria, the largest sources of recent refugees to Europe are Afghanistan , and Iraq , Again, in both cases, nearly all of the migrants from these countries were refugees from conflict, and overwhelming majorities from both places were Muslims.
Several other countries, however, were the origin of more overall migrants to Europe. The top countries of origin of migrants in legal limbo are not necessarily the top countries of origin among legally accepted refugees. For example, relatively few Syrians are in legal limbo, while Albania, where fewer asylum seekers come from, is the origin of a large number of rejected applicants. Afghanistan, meanwhile, is both a major source of legally accepted refugees and also a major country of origin of those in legal limbo.
Since the primary criterion for asylum decisions is the safety of the origin country, particularly dangerous countries, such as Syria, have much higher acceptance rates than others. Syria also was by far the single biggest source of Muslim migrants to Europe overall in recent years. But Morocco, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Iran also sent considerable numbers of Muslim migrants to Europe between mid and mid — more than 1 million combined — and the vast majority of Muslims from these countries came to Europe as regular migrants and not as refugees.
Germany was the destination for an estimated , refugees between mid and mid — more than three times as many as the country with the next-largest number, Sweden , A similar number of regular migrants from outside Europe also arrived in Germany in recent years , Germany has the largest population and economy in Europe, is centrally located on the continent and has policies favorable toward asylum seekers for more on EU policies toward refugees, see this sidebar.
The UK, however, actually was the destination for a larger number of migrants from outside Europe overall between mid and mid 1. The UK voted in a referendum to leave the EU, which may impact immigration patterns in the future, but it is still counted as part of Europe in this report. Relatively few recent immigrants to the UK 60, were refugees, but more than 1. Combining Muslim refugees and Muslim regular migrants, Germany was the destination for more Muslim migrants overall than the UK , vs.
France also received more than half a million Muslim migrants — predominantly regular migrants — between mid and mid, while , Muslims arrived in Italy. The two countries accepted a combined total of , refugees , by Italy and 80, by France , most of whom were Muslims. Sweden received even more refugees than the UK, Italy and France, all of which have much larger populations.
Overall, , Muslim migrants — , of whom were refugees — arrived in Sweden in recent years. These estimates do not include migration from one EU country to another. Some countries, particularly Germany, received a large number of regular migrants from within the EU.
In fact, with about , newcomers from other EU countries, Germany received more intra-EU migrants than regular migrants from outside the EU. Intra-EU migrants tend to have a similar religious composition to Europeans overall.
The number of Muslim asylum seekers in legal limbo — i. Germany, for example, has a high number of Muslim migrants in legal limbo despite a relatively low rejection rate — mainly because it has received such a large number of applications for asylum.
Germany received about , applications for asylum from Muslims between mid and mid, and is projected to ultimately accept , and reject roughly , — or slightly more than one-third excluding applications that were withdrawn. Italy is expected to reject about half of Muslim applicants 90, out of , applications , and the UK is projected to reject 60, out of , Data for the to period are based on application decision rates.
But due to the combination of still-unresolved applications and lack of comprehensive data on recent decisions when this analysis took place, rejection patterns for the to mid period are estimated based on to rates of rejection for each origin and destination country pair for details, see Methodology. There is no religious preference inherent to the asylum regulations in Europe. However, if religious persecution is a reason for seeking asylum, that context as opposed to religious affiliation in and of itself can be considered in the decision process.
Religion is estimated in this report based on available information about countries of origin and migration flow patterns by religion — application decisions are not reported by religious group. Does public opinion toward refugees invariably turn negative as their numbers rise?
Apparently not. In some European countries that have attracted large numbers of refugees from Iraq and Syria, public levels of concern about these refugees are relatively low. For instance, Germany has been the primary destination country for asylum seekers from the Middle East, receiving , applications from Iraqis and Syrians between mid and mid This pattern is not universal. Tens of thousands of applications for asylum in Hungary have been withdrawn since For more on government policies toward migration, see this sidebar.
Concerns about refugees from Iraq and Syria, most of whom are Muslims, are tied to negative views about Muslims in general. In all 10 EU countries that were part of a Pew Research Center survey in , people who have an unfavorable view of Muslims are especially likely to see a threat associated with Iraqi and Syrian refugees. Changing government policies in European countries can have a major impact on migration flows.
In , the EU signed a deal with Turkey , a frequent stop for migrants coming from Syria. In exchange, EU member states pledged to resettle more Syrian refugees living in Turkey and to increase financial aid for those remaining there. Another common path for large numbers of migrants to Europe is from sub-Saharan Africa to Italy, where they primarily arrive by sea from the Libyan coast.
To try to stem the tide, Italy has worked with the Libyan coast guard to develop techniques to stop boats carrying the migrants, among other policies and tactics. Based on a Pew Research Study survey, there are an estimated 3.
A Gallup poll found that the majority of Muslim-Americans say that they are loyal to the United States and are optimistic about the future even though they experience bias and discrimination. Note that of the 2. A common perception is that Muslim women are oppressed, discriminated against and hold a subservient position in society. The role and status of Muslim women in society cannot be separated from the role of women in the larger society because women around the world of all races, religions and nationalities face inequality on many levels.
Muslim women are not alone in this. The Quran explicitly states that men and women are equal in the eyes of God and forbids female infanticide, instructs Muslims to educate daughters as well as sons, insists that women have the right to refuse a prospective husband, gives women the right to divorce in certain cases, etc. However, interpretation of gender roles specified in the Quran varies with different countries and cultures and in the Islamic world, there exist principles and practices that subjugate and oppress women e.
Many contemporary women and men reject limitations put on women and reinterpret the Quran from this perspective. It is also important to understand that, similar to other religions, people in positions of power will sometimes use religion as an excuse to justify oppression of women.
The head scarf is often cited as an example of oppression. The Quran directs both men and women to dress with modesty but how this is interpreted and carried out varies a great deal. Many people think that Muslim women are forced to wear a hijab head scarf , niqab or burqa. While it is true that in some countries with significant Muslim populations women are forced to wear the hijab, this is not the reason Muslim women wear the hijab in most cases, particularly in the United States.
In fact, many women choose to wear a hijab, niqab or burqa on their own and do so for a variety of reasons including a sense of pride in being Muslim, a collective sense of identity or to convey a sense of self-control in public life. Since , eight countries have had Muslim women as their heads of state, including Turkey, Indonesia, Senegal, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Bangladesh two different women , Pakistan and Mauritius.
Many Muslim countries—including Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia—have a higher percentage of women in national elected office than does the United States. G, Dalia. Meet the nine Muslim women who ruled the nations. Goodstein, L. Muslims are loyal to U. The New York Times, August 2, Khan, M. More than 5, Muslims serving in U. Lipka, M.
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