Max Noether 's paternal grandfather was Elias Samuel, the founder of a business in Bruchsal. Elias had nine children, one being a son Hertz Samuel.
Then in , together with his brother Joseph, he set up a wholesale business in iron hardware. The two children older than Max were Sarah born 6 November and Emil. One other comment is necessary at this point. Emmy was the eldest of her parents' four children, the three younger children being boys. Alfred Noether - studied chemistry and was awarded a doctorate from Erlangen in However, his career was short since he died nine years later.
Fritz Noether - became an applied mathematician. However, as a Jew he was unable to work and left Germany in He was appointed as a professor at the University of Tomsk in the Soviet Union but accused of anti-Soviet acts he was sentenced to death and shot.
He was found not guilty by the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union in Gustav Robert Noether - had bad health all his life. He was mentally handicapped, spent most of his life in an institution and died young. The first school that Emmy attended was on Fahrstrasse. Auguste Dick writes [ 5 ] :- Emmy did not appear exceptional as a child.
Playing among her peers in the schoolyard on Fahrstrasse she probably was not especially noticeable - a near-sighted, plain-looking little girl, though not without charm. Her teachers and classmates knew Emmy as a clever, friendly, and likeable child. She had a slight lisp and was one of the few who attended classes in the Jewish religion. At the high school she studied German, English, French, arithmetic and was given piano lessons.
She loved dancing and looked forward to parties with children of her father's university colleagues. At this stage her aim was to become a language teacher and after further study of English and French she took the examinations of the State of Bavaria and, in , became a certificated teacher of English and French in Bavarian girls schools.
She was awarded the grade of "very good" in the examinations, the weakest part being her classroom teaching. However Noether never became a language teacher. Instead she decided to take the difficult route for a woman of that time and study mathematics at university.
Women were allowed to study at German universities unofficially and each professor had to give permission for his course. Noether obtained permission to sit in on courses at the University of Erlangen during to She was one of only two female students sitting in on courses at Erlangen and, in addition to mathematics courses, she continued her interest in languages being taught by the professor of Roman Studies and by an historian. At the same time she was preparing to take the examinations which allowed a student to enter any university.
Again she was not allowed to be a properly matriculated student but was only allowed to sit in on lectures. At this point the rules were changed and women students were allowed to matriculate on an equal basis to the men. On 24 October Noether matriculated at Erlangen where she now studied only mathematics. In she was granted a doctorate after working under Paul Gordan. The oral examination took place on Friday 13 December and she was awarded the degree 'summa cum laude'.
Hilbert 's basis theorem of had given an existence result for finiteness of invariants in n n n variables. Gordan , however, took a constructive approach and looked at constructive methods to arrive at the same results. Noether's doctoral thesis followed this constructive approach of Gordan and listed systems of covariant forms. Colin McLarty writes that [ 39 ] So far as I know no one has ever completed it or even checked it as far as she went. It was old-fashioned at the time, a witness to the pleasant isolation of Erlangen, and made no use of Gordan 's own work building on Hilbert 's ideas.
Having completed her doctorate the normal progression to an academic post would have been the habilitation. However this route was not open to women so Noether remained at Erlangen, helping her father who, particularly because of his own disabilities, was grateful for his daughter's help.
Noether also worked on her own research, in particular she was influenced by Ernst Fischer who had succeeded Gordan to the chair of mathematics when he retired in Noether wrote about Fischer 's influence:- Above all I am indebted to Mr E Fischer from whom I received the decisive impulse to study abstract algebra from an arithmetical viewpoint, and this remained the governing idea for all my later work.
Fischer 's influence took Noether towards Hilbert 's abstract approach to the subject and away from the constructive approach of Gordan. Now this was very important to her development as a mathematician for Gordan , despite his remarkable achievements, had his limitations. Noether's father, Max Noether , said of Gordan see [ 3 ] :- Gordan was never able to do justice to the development of fundamental concepts; even in his lectures he completely avoided all basic definitions of a conceptual nature, even that of the limit.
Noether's reputation grew quickly as her publications appeared. In she was elected to the Circolo Matematico di Palermo , then in she was invited to become a member of the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung and in the same year she was invited to address the annual meeting of the Society in Salzburg. In she lectured in Vienna, again to a meeting of the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung.
While in Vienna she visited Franz Mertens and discussed mathematics with him. As Emmy grew up, she studied a lot of different subjects, but she did not put a lot of emphasis on math until later. Noether spent a lot of time studying different languages, and she learned a lot from her mother about cooking and cleaning. Once Emmy graduated high school, she wanted to be a teacher, which led to her taking an exam to become a teacher of English and French to young women.
She passed this test easily, but this led her down a difficult road ahead. She could not take classes her like her brother could because she was a woman, so she ended up auditing classes at the University of Erlangen instead.
During her time auditing classes, Noether learned about mathematics in depth. After this, she took a test to become a doctoral student in mathematics. She passed this test and then went on to take five more years of classes. Ultimately Max would become best known as Emmy Noether's father. Amalie Emmy Noether spent an average childhood learning the arts that were expected of upper middle class girls.
Girls were not allowed to attend the college preparatory schools. Instead, she went to a general "finishing school," and in was certified to teach English and French. But rather than teaching, she pursued a university education in mathematics. She audited classes at Erlangen as one of two women among thousands of men, then took the entrance exam. She received her mathematics Ph. Noether worked at the Mathematical Institute of Erlangen, without pay or title, from to It was during this time that she collaborated with the algebraist Ernst Otto Fischer and started work on the more general, theoretical algebra for which she would later be recognized.
In she proved two theorems that were basic for both general relativity and elementary particle physics. One is still known as "Noether's Theorem.
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